pico_args/

lib.rs

/*!
An ultra simple CLI arguments parser.

If you think that this library doesn't support some feature, it's probably intentional.

- No help generation
- Only flags, options, free arguments and subcommands are supported
- No combined flags (like `-vvv` or `-abc`)
- Options can be separated by a space, `=` or nothing. See build features
- Arguments can be in any order
- Non UTF-8 arguments are supported

## Build features

- `eq-separator`

  Allows parsing arguments separated by `=`<br/>
  This feature adds about 1KiB to the resulting binary

- `short-space-opt`

  Makes the space between short keys and their values optional (e.g. `-w10`)<br/>
  If `eq-separator` is enabled, then it takes precedence and the '=' is not included.<br/>
  If `eq-separator` is disabled, then `-K=value` gives an error instead of returning `"=value"`.<br/>
  The optional space is only applicable for short keys because `--keyvalue` would be ambiguous

- `combined-flags`
  Allows combination of flags, e.g. `-abc` instead of `-a -b -c`.<br/>
  If `short-space-opt` or `eq-separator` are enabled, you must parse flags after values,
  to prevent ambiguities.
*/

#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
#![warn(missing_docs)]

use std::ffi::{OsString, OsStr};
use std::fmt::{self, Display};
use std::str::FromStr;


/// A list of possible errors.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum Error {
    /// Arguments must be a valid UTF-8 strings.
    NonUtf8Argument,

    /// A missing free-standing argument.
    MissingArgument,

    /// A missing option.
    MissingOption(Keys),

    /// An option without a value.
    OptionWithoutAValue(&'static str),

    /// Failed to parse a UTF-8 free-standing argument.
    #[allow(missing_docs)]
    Utf8ArgumentParsingFailed { value: String, cause: String },

    /// Failed to parse a raw free-standing argument.
    #[allow(missing_docs)]
    ArgumentParsingFailed { cause: String },
}

impl Display for Error {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Error::NonUtf8Argument => {
                write!(f, "argument is not a UTF-8 string")
            }
            Error::MissingArgument => {
                write!(f, "free-standing argument is missing")
            }
            Error::MissingOption(key) => {
                if key.second().is_empty() {
                    write!(f, "the '{}' option must be set", key.first())
                } else {
                    write!(f, "the '{}/{}' option must be set", key.first(), key.second())
                }
            }
            Error::OptionWithoutAValue(key) => {
                write!(f, "the '{}' option doesn't have an associated value", key)
            }
            Error::Utf8ArgumentParsingFailed { value, cause } => {
                write!(f, "failed to parse '{}': {}", value, cause)
            }
            Error::ArgumentParsingFailed { cause } => {
                write!(f, "failed to parse a binary argument: {}", cause)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for Error {}


#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
enum PairKind {
    #[cfg(any(feature = "eq-separator", feature = "short-space-opt"))]
    SingleArgument,
    TwoArguments,
}


/// An arguments parser.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Arguments(Vec<OsString>);

impl Arguments {
    /// Creates a parser from a vector of arguments.
    ///
    /// The executable path **must** be removed.
    ///
    /// This can be used for supporting `--` arguments to forward to another program.
    /// See `examples/dash_dash.rs` for an example.
    pub fn from_vec(args: Vec<OsString>) -> Self {
        Arguments(args)
    }

    /// Creates a parser from [`env::args_os`].
    ///
    /// The executable path will be removed.
    ///
    /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/env/fn.args_os.html
    pub fn from_env() -> Self {
        let mut args: Vec<_> = std::env::args_os().collect();
        args.remove(0);
        Arguments(args)
    }

    /// Parses the name of the subcommand, that is, the first positional argument.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` when subcommand starts with `-` or when there are no arguments left.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - When arguments is not a UTF-8 string.
    pub fn subcommand(&mut self) -> Result<Option<String>, Error> {
        if self.0.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        if let Some(s) = self.0[0].to_str() {
            if s.starts_with('-') {
                return Ok(None);
            }
        }

        self.0.remove(0)
            .into_string()
            .map_err(|_| Error::NonUtf8Argument)
            .map(Some)
    }

    /// Checks that arguments contain a specified flag.
    ///
    /// Searches through all arguments, not only the first/next one.
    ///
    /// Calling this method "consumes" the flag: if a flag is present `n`
    /// times then the first `n` calls to `contains` for that flag will
    /// return `true`, and subsequent calls will return `false`.
    ///
    /// When the "combined-flags" feature is used, repeated letters count
    /// as repeated flags: `-vvv` is treated the same as `-v -v -v`.
    pub fn contains<A: Into<Keys>>(&mut self, keys: A) -> bool {
        self.contains_impl(keys.into())
    }

    #[inline(never)]
    fn contains_impl(&mut self, keys: Keys) -> bool {
        if let Some((idx, _)) = self.index_of(keys) {
            self.0.remove(idx);
            true
        } else {
            #[cfg(feature = "combined-flags")]
            // Combined flags only work if the short flag is a single character
            {
                if keys.first().len() == 2 {
                    let short_flag = &keys.first()[1..2];
                    for (n, item) in self.0.iter().enumerate() {
                        if let Some(s) = item.to_str() {
                            if s.starts_with('-') && !s.starts_with("--") && s.contains(short_flag) {
                                if s.len() == 2 {
                                    // last flag
                                    self.0.remove(n);
                                } else {
                                    self.0[n] = s.replacen(short_flag, "", 1).into();
                                }
                                return true;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            false
        }
    }

    /// Parses a key-value pair using `FromStr` trait.
    ///
    /// This is a shorthand for `value_from_fn("--key", FromStr::from_str)`
    pub fn value_from_str<A, T>(&mut self, keys: A) -> Result<T, Error>
    where
        A: Into<Keys>,
        T: FromStr,
        <T as FromStr>::Err: Display,
    {
        self.value_from_fn(keys, FromStr::from_str)
    }

    /// Parses a key-value pair using a specified function.
    ///
    /// Searches through all argument, not only the first/next one.
    ///
    /// When a key-value pair is separated by a space, the algorithm
    /// will threat the next argument after the key as a value,
    /// even if it has a `-/--` prefix.
    /// So a key-value pair like `--key --value` is not an error.
    ///
    /// Must be used only once for each option.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - When option is not present.
    /// - When key or value is not a UTF-8 string. Use [`value_from_os_str`] instead.
    /// - When value parsing failed.
    /// - When key-value pair is separated not by space or `=`.
    ///
    /// [`value_from_os_str`]: struct.Arguments.html#method.value_from_os_str
    pub fn value_from_fn<A: Into<Keys>, T, E: Display>(
        &mut self,
        keys: A,
        f: fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>,
    ) -> Result<T, Error> {
        let keys = keys.into();
        match self.opt_value_from_fn(keys, f) {
            Ok(Some(v)) => Ok(v),
            Ok(None) => Err(Error::MissingOption(keys)),
            Err(e) => Err(e),
        }
    }

    /// Parses an optional key-value pair using `FromStr` trait.
    ///
    /// This is a shorthand for `opt_value_from_fn("--key", FromStr::from_str)`
    pub fn opt_value_from_str<A, T>(&mut self, keys: A) -> Result<Option<T>, Error>
    where
        A: Into<Keys>,
        T: FromStr,
        <T as FromStr>::Err: Display,
    {
        self.opt_value_from_fn(keys, FromStr::from_str)
    }

    /// Parses an optional key-value pair using a specified function.
    ///
    /// The same as [`value_from_fn`], but returns `Ok(None)` when option is not present.
    ///
    /// [`value_from_fn`]: struct.Arguments.html#method.value_from_fn
    pub fn opt_value_from_fn<A: Into<Keys>, T, E: Display>(
        &mut self,
        keys: A,
        f: fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>,
    ) -> Result<Option<T>, Error> {
        self.opt_value_from_fn_impl(keys.into(), f)
    }

    #[inline(never)]
    fn opt_value_from_fn_impl<T, E: Display>(
        &mut self,
        keys: Keys,
        f: fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>,
    ) -> Result<Option<T>, Error> {
        match self.find_value(keys)? {
            Some((value, kind, idx)) => {
                match f(value) {
                    Ok(value) => {
                        // Remove only when all checks are passed.
                        self.0.remove(idx);
                        if kind == PairKind::TwoArguments {
                            self.0.remove(idx);
                        }

                        Ok(Some(value))
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        Err(Error::Utf8ArgumentParsingFailed {
                            value: value.to_string(),
                            cause: error_to_string(e),
                        })
                    }
                }
            }
            None => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    // The whole logic must be type-independent to prevent monomorphization.
    #[cfg(any(feature = "eq-separator", feature = "short-space-opt"))]
    #[inline(never)]
    fn find_value(
        &mut self,
        keys: Keys,
    ) -> Result<Option<(&str, PairKind, usize)>, Error> {
        if let Some((idx, key)) = self.index_of(keys) {
            // Parse a `--key value` pair.

            let value = match self.0.get(idx + 1) {
                Some(v) => v,
                None => return Err(Error::OptionWithoutAValue(key)),
            };

            let value = os_to_str(value)?;
            Ok(Some((value, PairKind::TwoArguments, idx)))
        } else if let Some((idx, key)) = self.index_of2(keys) {
            // Parse a `--key=value` or `-Kvalue` pair.

            let value = &self.0[idx];

            // Only UTF-8 strings are supported in this method.
            let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| Error::NonUtf8Argument)?;

            let mut value_range = key.len()..value.len();

            if value.as_bytes().get(value_range.start) == Some(&b'=') {
                #[cfg(feature = "eq-separator")]
                {
                    value_range.start += 1;
                }
                #[cfg(not(feature = "eq-separator"))]
                return Err(Error::OptionWithoutAValue(key));
            } else {
                // Key must be followed by `=` if not `short-space-opt`
                #[cfg(not(feature = "short-space-opt"))]
                return Err(Error::OptionWithoutAValue(key));
            }

            // Check for quoted value.
            if let Some(c) = value.as_bytes().get(value_range.start).cloned() {
                if c == b'"' || c == b'\'' {
                    value_range.start += 1;

                    // A closing quote must be the same as an opening one.
                    if ends_with(&value[value_range.start..], c) {
                        value_range.end -= 1;
                    } else {
                        return Err(Error::OptionWithoutAValue(key));
                    }
                }
            }

            // Check length, otherwise String::drain will panic.
            if value_range.end - value_range.start == 0 {
                return Err(Error::OptionWithoutAValue(key));
            }

            // Extract `value` from `--key="value"`.
            let value = &value[value_range];

            if value.is_empty() {
                return Err(Error::OptionWithoutAValue(key));
            }

            Ok(Some((value, PairKind::SingleArgument, idx)))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    // The whole logic must be type-independent to prevent monomorphization.
    #[cfg(not(any(feature = "eq-separator", feature = "short-space-opt")))]
    #[inline(never)]
    fn find_value(
        &mut self,
        keys: Keys,
    ) -> Result<Option<(&str, PairKind, usize)>, Error> {
        if let Some((idx, key)) = self.index_of(keys) {
            // Parse a `--key value` pair.

            let value = match self.0.get(idx + 1) {
                Some(v) => v,
                None => return Err(Error::OptionWithoutAValue(key)),
            };

            let value = os_to_str(value)?;
            Ok(Some((value, PairKind::TwoArguments, idx)))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// Parses multiple key-value pairs into the `Vec` using `FromStr` trait.
    ///
    /// This is a shorthand for `values_from_fn("--key", FromStr::from_str)`
    pub fn values_from_str<A, T>(&mut self, keys: A) -> Result<Vec<T>, Error>
        where
            A: Into<Keys>,
            T: FromStr,
            <T as FromStr>::Err: Display,
    {
        self.values_from_fn(keys, FromStr::from_str)
    }

    /// Parses multiple key-value pairs into the `Vec` using a specified function.
    ///
    /// This functions can be used to parse arguments like:<br>
    /// `--file /path1 --file /path2 --file /path3`<br>
    /// But not `--file /path1 /path2 /path3`.
    ///
    /// Arguments can also be separated: `--file /path1 --some-flag --file /path2`
    ///
    /// This method simply executes [`opt_value_from_fn`] multiple times.
    ///
    /// An empty `Vec` is not an error.
    ///
    /// [`opt_value_from_fn`]: struct.Arguments.html#method.opt_value_from_fn
    pub fn values_from_fn<A: Into<Keys>, T, E: Display>(
        &mut self,
        keys: A,
        f: fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<T>, Error> {
        let keys = keys.into();

        let mut values = Vec::new();
        loop {
            match self.opt_value_from_fn(keys, f) {
                Ok(Some(v)) => values.push(v),
                Ok(None) => break,
                Err(e) => return Err(e),
            }
        }

        Ok(values)
    }

    /// Parses a key-value pair using a specified function.
    ///
    /// Unlike [`value_from_fn`], parses `&OsStr` and not `&str`.
    ///
    /// Must be used only once for each option.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - When option is not present.
    /// - When value parsing failed.
    /// - When key-value pair is separated not by space.
    ///   Only [`value_from_fn`] supports `=` separator.
    ///
    /// [`value_from_fn`]: struct.Arguments.html#method.value_from_fn
    pub fn value_from_os_str<A: Into<Keys>, T, E: Display>(
        &mut self,
        keys: A,
        f: fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, E>,
    ) -> Result<T, Error> {
        let keys = keys.into();
        match self.opt_value_from_os_str(keys, f) {
            Ok(Some(v)) => Ok(v),
            Ok(None) => Err(Error::MissingOption(keys)),
            Err(e) => Err(e),
        }
    }

    /// Parses an optional key-value pair using a specified function.
    ///
    /// The same as [`value_from_os_str`], but returns `Ok(None)` when option is not present.
    ///
    /// [`value_from_os_str`]: struct.Arguments.html#method.value_from_os_str
    pub fn opt_value_from_os_str<A: Into<Keys>, T, E: Display>(
        &mut self,
        keys: A,
        f: fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, E>,
    ) -> Result<Option<T>, Error> {
        self.opt_value_from_os_str_impl(keys.into(), f)
    }

    #[inline(never)]
    fn opt_value_from_os_str_impl<T, E: Display>(
        &mut self,
        keys: Keys,
        f: fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, E>,
    ) -> Result<Option<T>, Error> {
        if let Some((idx, key)) = self.index_of(keys) {
            // Parse a `--key value` pair.

            let value = match self.0.get(idx + 1) {
                Some(v) => v,
                None => return Err(Error::OptionWithoutAValue(key)),
            };

            match f(value) {
                Ok(value) => {
                    // Remove only when all checks are passed.
                    self.0.remove(idx);
                    self.0.remove(idx);
                    Ok(Some(value))
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    Err(Error::ArgumentParsingFailed { cause: error_to_string(e) })
                }
            }
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// Parses multiple key-value pairs into the `Vec` using a specified function.
    ///
    /// This method simply executes [`opt_value_from_os_str`] multiple times.
    ///
    /// Unlike [`values_from_fn`], parses `&OsStr` and not `&str`.
    ///
    /// An empty `Vec` is not an error.
    ///
    /// [`opt_value_from_os_str`]: struct.Arguments.html#method.opt_value_from_os_str
    /// [`values_from_fn`]: struct.Arguments.html#method.values_from_fn
    pub fn values_from_os_str<A: Into<Keys>, T, E: Display>(
        &mut self,
        keys: A,
        f: fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, E>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<T>, Error> {
        let keys = keys.into();
        let mut values = Vec::new();
        loop {
            match self.opt_value_from_os_str(keys, f) {
                Ok(Some(v)) => values.push(v),
                Ok(None) => break,
                Err(e) => return Err(e),
            }
        }

        Ok(values)
    }

    #[inline(never)]
    fn index_of(&self, keys: Keys) -> Option<(usize, &'static str)> {
        // Do not unroll loop to save space, because it creates a bigger file.
        // Which is strange, since `index_of2` actually benefits from it.

        for key in &keys.0 {
            if !key.is_empty() {
                if let Some(i) = self.0.iter().position(|v| v == key) {
                    return Some((i, key));
                }
            }
        }

        None
    }

    #[cfg(any(feature = "eq-separator", feature = "short-space-opt"))]
    #[inline(never)]
    fn index_of2(&self, keys: Keys) -> Option<(usize, &'static str)> {
        // Loop unroll to save space.

        if !keys.first().is_empty() {
            if let Some(i) = self.0.iter().position(|v| index_predicate(v, keys.first())) {
                return Some((i, keys.first()));
            }
        }

        if !keys.second().is_empty() {
            if let Some(i) = self.0.iter().position(|v| index_predicate(v, keys.second())) {
                return Some((i, keys.second()));
            }
        }

        None
    }

    /// Parses a free-standing argument using `FromStr` trait.
    ///
    /// This is a shorthand for `free_from_fn(FromStr::from_str)`
    pub fn free_from_str<T>(&mut self) -> Result<T, Error>
    where
        T: FromStr,
        <T as FromStr>::Err: Display,
    {
        self.free_from_fn(FromStr::from_str)
    }

    /// Parses a free-standing argument using a specified function.
    ///
    /// Parses the first argument from the list of remaining arguments.
    /// Therefore, it's up to the caller to check if the argument is actually
    /// a free-standing one and not an unused flag/option.
    ///
    /// Sadly, there is no way to automatically check for flag/option.
    /// `-`, `--`, `-1`, `-0.5`, `--.txt` - all of this arguments can have different
    /// meaning depending on the caller requirements.
    ///
    /// Must be used only once for each argument.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - When argument is not a UTF-8 string. Use [`free_from_os_str`] instead.
    /// - When argument parsing failed.
    /// - When argument is not present.
    ///
    /// [`free_from_os_str`]: struct.Arguments.html#method.free_from_os_str
    #[inline(never)]
    pub fn free_from_fn<T, E: Display>(
        &mut self,
        f: fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>,
    ) -> Result<T, Error> {
        self.opt_free_from_fn(f)?.ok_or(Error::MissingArgument)
    }

    /// Parses a free-standing argument using a specified function.
    ///
    /// The same as [`free_from_fn`], but parses `&OsStr` instead of `&str`.
    ///
    /// [`free_from_fn`]: struct.Arguments.html#method.free_from_fn
    #[inline(never)]
    pub fn free_from_os_str<T, E: Display>(
        &mut self,
        f: fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, E>,
    ) -> Result<T, Error> {
        self.opt_free_from_os_str(f)?.ok_or(Error::MissingArgument)
    }

    /// Parses an optional free-standing argument using `FromStr` trait.
    ///
    /// The same as [`free_from_str`], but returns `Ok(None)` when argument is not present.
    ///
    /// [`free_from_str`]: struct.Arguments.html#method.free_from_str
    pub fn opt_free_from_str<T>(&mut self) -> Result<Option<T>, Error>
        where
            T: FromStr,
            <T as FromStr>::Err: Display,
    {
        self.opt_free_from_fn(FromStr::from_str)
    }

    /// Parses an optional free-standing argument using a specified function.
    ///
    /// The same as [`free_from_fn`], but returns `Ok(None)` when argument is not present.
    ///
    /// [`free_from_fn`]: struct.Arguments.html#method.free_from_fn
    #[inline(never)]
    pub fn opt_free_from_fn<T, E: Display>(
        &mut self,
        f: fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>,
    ) -> Result<Option<T>, Error> {
        if self.0.is_empty() {
            Ok(None)
        } else {
            let value = self.0.remove(0);
            let value = os_to_str(value.as_os_str())?;
            match f(&value) {
                Ok(value) => Ok(Some(value)),
                Err(e) => Err(Error::Utf8ArgumentParsingFailed {
                    value: value.to_string(),
                    cause: error_to_string(e),
                }),
            }
        }
    }

    /// Parses a free-standing argument using a specified function.
    ///
    /// The same as [`free_from_os_str`], but returns `Ok(None)` when argument is not present.
    ///
    /// [`free_from_os_str`]: struct.Arguments.html#method.free_from_os_str
    #[inline(never)]
    pub fn opt_free_from_os_str<T, E: Display>(
        &mut self,
        f: fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, E>,
    ) -> Result<Option<T>, Error> {
        if self.0.is_empty() {
            Ok(None)
        } else {
            let value = self.0.remove(0);
            match f(value.as_os_str()) {
                Ok(value) => Ok(Some(value)),
                Err(e) => Err(Error::ArgumentParsingFailed { cause: error_to_string(e) }),
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns a list of remaining arguments.
    ///
    /// It's up to the caller what to do with them.
    /// One can report an error about unused arguments,
    /// other can use them for further processing.
    pub fn finish(self) -> Vec<OsString> {
        self.0
    }
}

// Display::to_string() is usually inlined, so by wrapping it in a non-inlined
// function we are reducing the size a bit.
#[inline(never)]
fn error_to_string<E: Display>(e: E) -> String {
    e.to_string()
}

#[cfg(feature = "eq-separator")]
#[inline(never)]
fn starts_with_plus_eq(text: &OsStr, prefix: &str) -> bool {
    if let Some(s) = text.to_str() {
        if s.get(0..prefix.len()) == Some(prefix) {
            if s.as_bytes().get(prefix.len()) == Some(&b'=') {
                return true;
            }
        }
    }

    false
}

#[cfg(feature = "short-space-opt")]
#[inline(never)]
fn starts_with_short_prefix(text: &OsStr, prefix: &str) -> bool {
    if prefix.starts_with("--") {
        return false; // Only works for short keys
    }
    if let Some(s) = text.to_str() {
        if s.get(0..prefix.len()) == Some(prefix) {
            return true;
        }
    }

    false
}

#[cfg(all(feature = "eq-separator", feature = "short-space-opt"))]
#[inline]
fn index_predicate(text: &OsStr, prefix: &str) -> bool {
    starts_with_plus_eq(text, prefix) || starts_with_short_prefix(text, prefix)
}
#[cfg(all(feature = "eq-separator", not(feature = "short-space-opt")))]
#[inline]
fn index_predicate(text: &OsStr, prefix: &str) -> bool {
    starts_with_plus_eq(text, prefix)
}
#[cfg(all(feature = "short-space-opt", not(feature = "eq-separator")))]
#[inline]
fn index_predicate(text: &OsStr, prefix: &str) -> bool {
    starts_with_short_prefix(text, prefix)
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "eq-separator", feature = "short-space-opt"))]
#[inline]
fn ends_with(text: &str, c: u8) -> bool {
    if text.is_empty() {
        false
    } else {
        text.as_bytes()[text.len() - 1] == c
    }
}

#[inline]
fn os_to_str(text: &OsStr) -> Result<&str, Error> {
    text.to_str().ok_or_else(|| Error::NonUtf8Argument)
}


/// A keys container.
///
/// Should not be used directly.
#[doc(hidden)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub struct Keys([&'static str; 2]);

impl Keys {
    #[inline]
    fn first(&self) -> &'static str {
        self.0[0]
    }

    #[inline]
    fn second(&self) -> &'static str {
        self.0[1]
    }
}

impl From<[&'static str; 2]> for Keys {
    #[inline]
    fn from(v: [&'static str; 2]) -> Self {
        debug_assert!(v[0].starts_with("-"), "an argument should start with '-'");
        validate_shortflag(v[0]);
        debug_assert!(
            !v[0].starts_with("--"),
            "the first argument should be short"
        );
        debug_assert!(v[1].starts_with("--"), "the second argument should be long");
        Keys(v)
    }
}

fn validate_shortflag(short_key: &'static str) {
    let mut chars = short_key[1..].chars();
    if let Some(first) = chars.next() {
        debug_assert!(short_key.len() == 2 || chars.all(|c| c == first),
            "short keys should be a single character or a repeated character");
    }
}

impl From<&'static str> for Keys {
    #[inline]
    fn from(v: &'static str) -> Self {
        debug_assert!(v.starts_with("-"), "an argument should start with '-'");
        if !v.starts_with("--") {
            validate_shortflag(v);
        }
        Keys([v, ""])
    }
}